瑞典国家银行riksbank
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Sveriges Riksbank, or simply Riksbanken, is the central bank of Sweden and the world's oldest central bank.[2] It is sometimes called the Swedish National Bank or the Bank of Sweden.
The Riksbank began its operations in 1668, its antecedent being Stockholms Banco (also known as the Bank of Palmstruch), which was founded by Johan Palmstruch in 1656. Although the bank was private, it was the King who chose its management: in a letter to Palmstruch he gave permission to its operations according to stated regulations.
However, Stockholms Banco, the world's oldest note-issuing bank collapsed as a result of the issuing of too many notes without the necessary collateral. Palmstruch, who was considered responsible for the bank's losses, was condemned to death, but later received clemency. On September 17, 1668, the privilege of Palmstruch to operate a bank, was transferred to the Riksens Ständers Bank (translation: Bank of the Estates of the Realm) and was run under the auspices of the parliament of the day. Due to the failure of Stockholm Banco the new bank was managed under the direct control of the Riksdag of the Estates to prevent the interference of the King. When a new Riksdag was instituted in 1866, the name of the bank was changed to Sveriges Riksbank.
Having learnt the lesson of the Stockholms Banco experience, the Riksbank was not permitted to issue bank-notes. Nevertheless, in 1701 permission was granted to issue so called credit-notes. Some time in the middle of the 18th century counterfeit notes began appearing which caused serious problems. To prevent forgeries it was decided that the Riksbank should produce its own paper for bank-notes and a paper-mill, Tumba Bruk, was founded in Tumba, on the outskirts of Stockholm.
A few years later, the first commercial banks were founded and these were also allowed to issue bank-notes. The bank-notes represented a claim to the bank without interest paid, and thus became a considerable source of income to the banks. Nonetheless, security in the form of a deposit at the Riksbank was required to cover the value of all notes issued.
During the 19th century the Riksbank maintained a dominant position as a credit institution and issuer of bank-notes. The bank also managed national trade transactions as well as continuing to provide credit to the general public. The first branch-office was opened in 1824, later followed with subsidiary branches opening in each county (län). The present operational activities as a central bank differ from those during the 19th century. For example, no interest-rate related activities were conducted.
瑞典中央银行(瑞典语:Sveriges Riksbank、Riksbanken),又名瑞典国家银行、旧译瑞典银行,始创于1668年,是瑞典的中央银行,也是世界上历史最悠久的中央银行[3]。在1968年成立三百周年时,为纪念阿尔弗雷德诺贝尔,瑞典央行出资设立了瑞典银行经济学奖,即诺贝尔经济学奖。
瑞典央行隶属瑞典议会,发行瑞典克朗,负责货币政策维持物价稳定,维系一个安全和有效率的支付系统。瑞典央行认为物价稳定有赖于低而稳定的通货膨胀,消费者物价指数应维持在百分之二左右。瑞典央行管理约二千亿瑞典克朗资产,以实行货币政策、买卖外汇,以及在需要时为银行提供紧急流动现金支援
瑞典中央银行的前身为约翰帕姆斯特鲁奇于1656年成立的斯德哥尔摩银行(Stockholms Banco),为瑞典第一间银行。斯德哥尔摩银行虽为私人银行,但受到国家严密监管。虽然斯德哥尔摩银行发行了欧洲第一批钞票,但由于公众对这批钞票缺乏信心,银行于1664年倒闭。4年后,瑞典国会成立国会银行(Riksens Ständers Bank),直接由国会规管。国会银行资助了瑞典对外用兵,如斯科讷战争和大北方战争。1701年,银行发行名为transportsedlar的票据,即现代钞票的前身。
1866年,瑞典议会取代旧有国会,国会银行改为现名。1873年,瑞典加入斯堪的纳维亚货币联盟,实行金本位,并开始发行瑞典克朗。1897年,《国家银行法案》(Riksbankslagen)通过,国家银行正式成为瑞典的中央银行,享有独家发行钞票的权利